Through this article we show you the top 10 deadliest diseases in the world. The leading causes of death worldwide, ranked by the total number of lives lost, can be categorized into three main areas: cardiovascular diseases (such as ischaemic heart disease and stroke), respiratory conditions (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lower respiratory infections), and neonatal ailments. Neonatal conditions encompass birth asphyxia and trauma, neonatal sepsis and infections, and complications arising from preterm birth.
Now, let’s delve into the ten most fatal diseases globally.
Table of Contents
- 10. Cirrhosis
- 09. Tuberculosis
- 08. Dehydration due to diarrheal diseases
- 07. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
- 06. Diabetes mellitus
- 05. Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers
- 04. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- 03. Lower respiratory infections
- 02. Stroke
- 01. Ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease
- Conclusion
10. Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis develops as a consequence of liver scarring (fibrosis), which is caused by a variety of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. Whenever the liver is damaged, whether due to disease, excessive alcohol consumption, or other factors, it endeavors to repair itself. Unfortunately, the harm inflicted on the liver is usually irreversible, making it difficult to restore its functionality.
Risk factors and prevention
The risk factors associated with cirrhosis are as follows:
- Chronic alcohol use
- Fat accumulation around the liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)
- Chronic viral hepatitis
To prevent cirrhosis, it is important to steer clear of behaviors that can harm the liver. Long-term alcohol use and abuse are significant contributors to cirrhosis, so abstaining from alcohol can help prevent liver damage. Similarly, adopting a healthy diet that includes ample fruits and vegetables while minimizing sugar and fat intake can help avoid nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lastly, reducing the risk of contracting viral hepatitis can be achieved by practicing safe sex and avoiding the sharing of personal items.
09. Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that can have serious consequences and primarily targets the lungs. The bacteria responsible for tuberculosis are transmitted from one person to another through minuscule droplets released into the air when an infected individual coughs or sneezes.
Risk factors and prevention
The risk factors associated with tuberculosis include:
- Diabetes
- HIV infection
- Lower body weight
- Proximity to individuals with TB
- Regular use of specific medications like corticosteroids or immune-suppressing drugs
The most effective preventive measure against tuberculosis is receiving the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is commonly administered to children. If you suspect exposure to TB bacteria, prompt medical attention and initiation of appropriate treatment can significantly reduce the risk of developing active tuberculosis.
08. Dehydration due to diarrheal diseases
Dehydration is the most critical concern associated with diarrhea. When experiencing a bout of diarrhea, the body loses water and essential electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and bicarbonate through liquid stools, vomiting, sweating, urination, and respiration. If these losses are not replenished, dehydration can occur.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases include:
- Living in an area with inadequate sanitary conditions.
- Lack of access to clean water.
- Age, with children being more susceptible to severe symptoms.
- Malnourishment.
- Weakened immune system.
According to UNICEF, the most effective preventive measure is practicing good hygiene, particularly thorough handwashing, which can reduce the incidence of diarrheal diseases by up to 40 percent. Improvements in sanitation, water quality, and access to early medical intervention are also crucial in preventing diarrheal diseases.
07. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Dementia is a broad term used to describe a significant decline in mental capacity that hampers daily functioning. Alzheimer’s disease stands as the leading cause of dementia, while dementia itself is not a specific disease. As we age, it is common to experience some gradual cognitive slowing and occasional memory lapses. However, when memory loss, confusion, and notable alterations in cognitive function become prominent, it may indicate the deterioration of brain cells.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with Alzheimer’s disease include:
- Advanced age (being older than 65)
- Family history of the disease
- Inherited genetic factors from parents
- Mild cognitive impairment (existing cognitive decline)
- Down syndrome
- Unhealthy lifestyle
- Female gender
- Previous head trauma
- Social isolation or limited engagement with others for prolonged periods
Currently, there is no known way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Researchers are still investigating why some individuals develop the disease while others do not, and they are actively working on finding preventive strategies.
Maintaining a heart-healthy diet may potentially help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low in saturated fats from meat and dairy, while incorporating good fats from sources like nuts, olive oil, and lean fish, not only benefits heart health but may also provide protection for the brain against Alzheimer’s disease.
06. Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus encompasses a collection of diseases that impact the utilization of blood sugar (glucose) within the body. Glucose plays a crucial role in maintaining good health as it serves as a vital energy source for the cells constituting muscles and tissues. Furthermore, glucose serves as the primary fuel source for the brain.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with diabetes include:
- Excess body weight
- High blood pressure
- Older age
- Lack of regular physical exercise
- Unhealthy diet
Although diabetes cannot always be entirely prevented, you can manage the severity of symptoms by engaging in regular exercise and maintaining a healthy and balanced diet. Incorporating more fiber into your diet can be beneficial in controlling blood sugar levels.
05. Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers
Bronchial adenoma is an uncommon form of cancer that originates in the mucous glands and ducts of the bronchial airways (bronchi) or the trachea (windpipe), as well as in the salivary glands. Despite the term “adenoma” typically referring to a noncancerous tumor, the majority of bronchial adenomas are cancerous and have the potential to metastasize to other regions of the body.
Risk factors and prevention
Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers can impact individuals from all backgrounds, but they are more commonly associated with those who have a history of smoking or tobacco use. Additional risk factors for these cancers include a family history of the disease and exposure to environmental factors like diesel fumes.
Apart from avoiding fumes and tobacco products, it is unclear if there are any other definitive preventive measures for lung cancers. However, early detection plays a crucial role in improving prognosis and alleviating symptoms associated with respiratory cancer.
04. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a long-term inflammatory lung disease characterized by the obstruction of airflow from the lungs. Common symptoms of COPD include difficulty in breathing, persistent cough, production of mucus (sputum), and wheezing.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with COPD include:
- Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
- Inhalation of lung irritants such as chemical fumes
- Family history of COPD, particularly with the AATD gene
- History of respiratory infections during childhood
While there is currently no cure for COPD, its progression can be slowed down with medication and appropriate management. The most effective preventive measures for COPD include quitting smoking, avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke, and minimizing exposure to other lung irritants.
03. Lower respiratory infections
Lower respiratory tract infections encompass infections that occur in the lungs or below the larynx. This category includes conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and tuberculosis. Lower respiratory tract infections can affect either the airways, as seen in bronchitis, or the air sacs located at the end of the airways, as observed in pneumonia.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with lower respiratory infections include:
- Influenza (flu) infection
- Poor air quality or frequent exposure to lung irritants
- Smoking
- Weakened immune system
- Crowded childcare settings, particularly affecting infants
- Asthma
- HIV infection
One of the most effective preventive measures against lower respiratory infections is receiving the annual flu shot. Additionally, individuals at high risk of pneumonia can consider getting vaccinated. Regularly washing hands with soap and water is important to minimize the transmission of bacteria, especially before touching the face or eating. When experiencing a respiratory infection, it is advisable to stay at home, rest, and allow for proper healing.
02. Stroke
A stroke happens when the blood flow to a specific part of the brain is disrupted or diminished, leading to a deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to the brain tissue. As a result, brain cells start to die within minutes. Stroke is considered a medical emergency, and immediate treatment is essential for optimal outcomes.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors associated with stroke include:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- Family history of stroke
- Smoking, especially when combined with oral contraceptive use
- Being of African-American descent
- Being female
Several stroke risk factors can be managed through preventive care, medications, and lifestyle modifications. Adopting healthy habits can significantly reduce the risk of stroke.
Stroke prevention strategies may involve controlling high blood pressure through medications or surgical interventions. Additionally, maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular physical exercise and a balanced diet low in sodium can help mitigate the risk of stroke.
01. Ischemic heart disease, or coronary artery disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), or simply heart disease, refers to the condition where there is a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle due to the accumulation of plaque (atherosclerosis) in the arteries of the heart. It is the most prevalent among cardiovascular diseases.
Risk factors and prevention
Risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) include:
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High cholesterol levels, particularly elevated levels of LDL cholesterol
- Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke
- Family history of CAD or cardiovascular diseases
- Diabetes or insulin resistance
- Overweight or obesity
If you have one or more of these risk factors, it is advisable to consult with your doctor. Preventing CAD can be achieved through various measures, including medication and maintaining good heart health. To decrease your risk, you can take the following steps:
- Engage in regular exercise.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Follow a balanced diet that is low in sodium and rich in fruits and vegetables.
- Avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.
- Consume alcohol in moderation, if at all.
These lifestyle changes can significantly contribute to reducing the risk of CAD and promoting overall cardiovascular health.
Conclusion
There are numerous avenues available to receive the necessary support for maintaining good health. A crucial initial step is finding a trusted general practitioner (GP) with whom you feel comfortable discussing your health concerns. By consistently seeing the same GP, you can establish a collaborative relationship focused on managing your health and scheduling necessary check-ups.
Having a support person in your life can be instrumental in sustaining healthy habits. It is beneficial to engage in open conversations with friends, family members, mental health programs, case workers, and other individuals who can provide support. Additionally, explore the range of services available in your local area that you can tap into for additional assistance and resources.